![]() ![]() The range in the emissions and in the average emissions intensity reflects the different allocation methods for the by-product hydrogen production in refineries.ĭedicated hydrogen production today is primarily based on fossil fuel technologies, with around a sixth of the global hydrogen supply coming from “by-product” hydrogen, mainly in the petrochemical industry. In the NZE Scenario the average emissions intensity of hydrogen production drops from the range of 12-13.5 kg CO 2-eq/kg H2 in 2022 to 6-7.5 kg CO 2-eq/kg H2 in 2030.ġ. Current production of hydrogen for these applications emits 1 100-1 300 Mt CO 2 equivalent 1 (including upstream and midstream emissions from fossil fuel supply). Replacing unabated fossil fuel-based hydrogen with low-emission hydrogen in existing applications (namely refining and industry sectors) is a short-term priority given that it presents relatively low technical challenges as it is a like-for-like substitution rather than a fuel switch. Hydrogen's total contribution is also larger in the longer term as hydrogen-based technologies mature. However, hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels can play an important role in sectors where emissions are hard to abate and other mitigation measures may not be available or would be difficult to implement, namely heavy industry, long-distance transport, shipping and aviation. In the NZE Scenario, the use of low-emission hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels lead to modest reductions in CO 2 emissions in 2030 compared to other key mitigation measures, such as the deployment of renewables, direct electrification and behavioural change. ![]()
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